Table 1 Matrix of most prominent architectures constructed during the Marcos era

National Theater—Tanghalang Pambansa

(Source: Nixwrites, 2012)

1969; CCP Complex, Manila

Cultural

• Leandro V. Locsin (National Artist)

• The main piece of the CCP Complex, featuring several theaters inside

• Architecturally notable for its seemingly floating effect despite being a heavy concrete mass; raised and has a ramp access

• Well-preserved; active

Philippine International Convention Center

(Source: Lee 2008)

1976; CCP Complex, Manila

Cultural

• Leandro V. Locsin (National Artist)

• A huge building for official events

• This brutalist architecture emphasizes rigid horizontal lines through its low but long profile

• Well-preserved and currently active

Manila Film Center

(Source: Kasingsing 2021a, b, c)

1982; CCP Complex, Manila

Cultural

• Froilan L. Hong

• A very controversial structure built for the 1^st Manila International Film Festival

• Dubbed as the “Parthenon of Asia” for its excellent brutalist articulation of the qualities of the Parthenon, specifically the symmetrical appearance of columns and thick architrave; raised by a crepidoma-like platform

• Previously leased but now abandoned

Folk Arts Theater

(Source: Kasingsing 2021a, b, c)

1980; CCP Complex, Manila

Cultural

• Leandro V. Locsin (National Artist)

• Previously known as the “Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas”

• Consistent with the qualities of National Theater; known for its structural design and natural ventilation; floor level is raised through stairs

• Currently closed

Coconut Palace

(Source: Author, 2022)

1981; CCP Complex, Manila

Residential

• Francisco T. Mañosa (National Artist)

• Also known as “Tahanang Pilipino” (“Filipino House”), it is a huge mansion embodying extravagance

• One of the best examples of Filipino vernacular residential design showcasing the material strength of coconut, hence its name

• Active but has controlled access

Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila

(Source: Author, 2022)

1976; CCP Complex, Manila

Hospitality

• Leandro V. Locsin (National Artist)

• Ildefonso P. Santos, Jr. (National Artist)

• Originally called Westin Philippine Plaza then Hotel Philippine Plaza

• It was commissioned to complement the development of the CCP Complex, specifically to serve as accommodation for foreign visitors during national events

• Active and now a five-star hotel

Lung Center of the Philippines

(Source: DOH National Tuberculosis Control Program 2022)

1981; Quezon City

Healthcare

• Jorge Y. Ramos

• A tertiary center specializing in care for lung and other pulmonary diseases

• A low-rise but sprawling architecture that is predominantly made of concrete

• Active and has since been expanded

Philippine Heart Center

(Source: Kasingsing 2021a, b, c)

1975; Quezon City

Healthcare

• Jorge Y. Ramos

• A tertiary facility specializing in care for heart ailments

• A brutalist architecture that strived to balance horizontal and vertical lines, with the latter being more pronounced, altogether forming a cross

National Kidney Transplant Institute

(Source: Philippine Urological Association, Inc. 2020)

1981; Quezon City

Healthcare

• Jorge Y. Ramos

• A tertiary medical facility focusing on renal health

• Another low-rise hospital similar to the qualities of the Lung Center of the Philippines

Philippine Children’s Medical Center

(Source: Philippine Children’s Medical Center 2016)

1980; Quezon City

Healthcare

• Jorge Y. Ramos

Two-story building designed with colorful interiors and visually attractive elements that are combined with nature to creative, conducive healing environment for children.;

Tanghalang Maria Makiling

(Source: Sumangil 2010)

1976; Los Baños, Laguna

Cultural

• Leandro V. Locsin (National Artist)

• Part of the National Arts Center complex

• Designed by National Artist in Architecture Leandro V. Locsin, it is an open-air theater perched on top of a plateau in Los Baños, Laguna that also exhibits the floating effect usual to Locsin’s brutalist works